Sources
A definition should be traceable. Profiles identify what was inspected, which claim a document supports and where its coverage stops.
Textbook and supplementary evidence
OpenStax Psychology 2e supplies the introductory reading map. Academic author modules and original research supplement concepts or distinctions that need a narrower source. Contextual textbook links are labeled rather than presented as direct definitions.
Sources were checked October 21, 2026. An access date is not a publication date. Original teaching scenarios illustrate a concept and do not report empirical outcomes. Read each profile’s local notes when one document serves several concepts.
Source catalogue
68 distinct URLs across 60 profiles.
- Ann masten. (n.d.). https://icd.umn.edu/ann-mastenPrimary researcher institutional profile
Research description identifies multisystem processes, adversity, and positive adaptation. Not used as a substitute for reading listed journal papers. Inspected on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Resilience
- Attention. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/attentionSelection, limited capacity, and interaction between goals and salient input.
Opened and inspected on 21 October 2026. Academic teaching synthesis; not a primary experiment.
Used in: Attention, Bottom-up processing, Top-down processing
- Beedie, C. J., Terry, P. C., & Lane, A. M. (2005). Distinctions between emotion and mood. Cognition and Emotion, 19(6), 847–878. https://research.aber.ac.uk/en/publications/distinctions-between-emotion-and-mood/Institutional publication record and abstract only
Verified bibliographic record and abstract, not the full paper. Supports caution about a single universally agreed distinction. DOI: 10.1080/02699930541000057. Inspected on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Mood
- Burger, conformity and obedience. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/conformity-and-obedienceExpert-authored academic teaching module
Conformity, informational influence, descriptive norms, and obedience coverage checked; module text discusses descriptive norms and cites Borsari and Carey (2003) on descriptive and injunctive norm distinctions developed in the social-norms literature (such as Cialdini, Reno, and Kallgren, 1990). Inspected on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Conformity, Obedience, Social norm
- Conditioning and learning. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/conditioning-and-learningSupplementary conceptual evidence
Academic module by Mark E. Bouton; accessed module text. Supports associative learning, consequences, extinction and stimulus control. Source checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Classical conditioning, Extinction, Observational learning, Operant conditioning, Punishment, Stimulus generalization
- Demo-lishing misconceptions in general psychology with demos. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/blog/2017-03-30-demo-lishing-misconceptions-in-general-psychology-with-demosSupplementary conceptual evidence
Teaching article by Jon Skalski accessed directly; supports technical interpretation of negative reinforcement, not intervention effectiveness. Source checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Reinforcement
- Diamond, A. (2013). Executive functions. Annual Review of Psychology, 64, 135–168. https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-psych-113011-143750Consulted sourceInhibitory control, working memory, flexibility, and higher-order planning.
Opened full review on 21 October 2026, including core-components paragraph. Review article, not one primary experiment.
Used in: Executive function
- Draganski, B., Gaser, C., Busch, V., Schuierer, G., Bogdahn, U., & May, A. (2004). Neuroplasticity: Changes in grey matter induced by training. Nature, 427(6972), 311–312. https://doi.org/10.1038/427311aConsulted sourceSupplementary conceptual evidence
Draganski and colleagues (2004), original study bibliographic record verified. PubMed has no abstract; Nature indexed abstract describes selective transient training-related structural change. No cellular mechanism, effect size or broad transfer claim inferred. Source checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Neuroplasticity
- Fiske, prejudice, discrimination, and stereotyping. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/prejudice-discrimination-and-stereotypingExpert-authored academic teaching module
Introduction and conceptual distinctions checked; categories used as an introductory analytic framework. Inspected on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Discrimination, Prejudice, Stereotype
- Forsyth, the psychology of groups. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/the-psychology-of-groupsExpert-authored academic teaching module
Identity and Membership subsection and social identity glossary checked. Inspected on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Self-concept, Social identity
- Hooker and pressman, the healthy life. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/the-healthy-lifeExpert-authored academic teaching module
Protecting Our Health, coping subsections, and resilience glossary inspected. Used for conceptual context, not clinical guidance. Inspected on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Coping, Resilience, Stress
- Hwang and matsumoto, functions of emotions. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/functions-of-emotionsExpert-authored academic teaching module
Introduction and functional framing checked; no claim that every emotional response is adaptive. Inspected on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Emotion
- Judgment and decision making. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/judgment-and-decision-makingSupplementary conceptual evidence
Academic module by Max H. Bazerman; accessed module text. Supports bounded judgment and systematic bias; no claim that every shortcut fails. Source checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Confirmation bias, Heuristic
- Knudsen, E. I. (2004). Sensitive periods in the development of the brain and behavior. Journal of Cognitive Neuroscience, 16(8), 1412–1425. https://doi.org/10.1162/0898929042304796Consulted sourceDefinition of sensitive periods, stronger meaning of critical periods, and continued later plasticity.
Abstract inspected through search retrieval on 21 October 2026; subsequent direct open returned a minimal footer. Full article not inspected. Review, not primary human causal evidence.
Used in: Sensitive period
- Maddux and kleiman, self-efficacy. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/self-efficacyExpert-authored academic teaching module
Introduction and distinctions from ability and self-esteem checked. Inspected on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Self-concept, Self-efficacy
- Memory (encoding, storage, retrieval). (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/memory-encoding-storage-retrievalSupplementary conceptual evidence
Academic module by Kathleen B. McDermott and Henry L. Roediger III; accessed module text. Supports memory processes, retrieval cues and distinctions among memory forms. Source checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Encoding, Long-term memory, Retrieval, Working memory
- Metcalfe and finn (2013), metacognition and control of study choice in children. (n.d.). https://www.columbia.edu/cu/psychology/metcalfe/PDFs/MetcalfeFinn_RPLKids_AcceptedFinal.pdfSupplementary conceptual evidence
Metcalfe and Finn (2013), author-hosted accepted manuscript. PDF abstract and introduction accessed; supports monitoring/control distinction and their possible dissociation. Child-task findings are not universalized. Source checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Metacognition
- Miller, A. C., & Pereda, A. E. (2017). The electrical synapse: Molecular complexities at the gap and beyond. Developmental Neurobiology, 77(5), 562–574. https://doi.org/10.1002/dneu.22484Consulted sourceSynapse is broader than the cleft of a chemical junction; electrical synapses are molecularly organized connections.
Abstract inspected in search retrieval on 21 October 2026. Direct PubMed open returned a footer; full article not inspected. Review article, not primary experimental evidence.
Used in: Synapse
- Nader, Karim, Hardt, & Oliver. (2009). A single standard for memory: The case for reconsolidation. Nature Reviews Neuroscience, 10(3), 224–234. https://www.nature.com/articles/nrn2590Supplementary conceptual evidence
Nader and Hardt (2009), scholarly review. Publisher key points and indexed record accessed; supports distinction between initial consolidation and reactivation-related restabilization, with boundary conditions. Source checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Reconsolidation
- Nader, Karim, Schafe, Glenn, E., Doux, L., & Joseph, E. (2000). Fear memories require protein synthesis in the amygdala for reconsolidation after retrieval. Nature, 406(6797), 722–726. https://www.nature.com/articles/35021052Supplementary conceptual evidence
Nader, Schafe, and LeDoux (2000), original animal research. Publisher abstract available in indexed result; direct full page blocked by publisher authentication redirect. Supports a rat fear-memory demonstration, not universal human memory updating. Source checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Reconsolidation
- NIGMS: Circadian rhythms. (n.d.). https://www.nigms.nih.gov/education/fact-sheets/Pages/circadian-rhythmsDaily rhythms, light synchronization, SCN, and clocks across tissues.
Opened 21 October 2026. Official NIH educational explanation; no medical advice or intervention claims extracted.
Used in: Circadian rhythm
- Noba: Attachment through the life course. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/attachment-through-the-life-courseSecure base, relationship expectations, and probabilistic continuity with possible change.
Opened and inspected on 21 October 2026. Academic teaching synthesis; not a primary experiment.
Used in: Attachment
- Noba: Cognitive development in childhood. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/cognitive-development-in-childhoodPiagetian tasks and evidence that delay, experience, and measurement affect performance.
Opened and inspected on 21 October 2026. Academic teaching synthesis; not a primary experiment.
Used in: Conservation, Object permanence
- Noba: Neurons. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/neuronsCell anatomy, graded inputs, action potentials, and receptor-dependent synaptic signaling; no precise cell counts used.
Opened and inspected on 21 October 2026. Academic teaching synthesis; not a primary experiment.
Used in: Action potential, Neuron, Synapse
- Noba: Psychopharmacology. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/psychopharmacologyNeurotransmitter systems, receptors, and multiple circuit effects; medication tables are not reproduced.
Opened and inspected on 21 October 2026. Academic teaching synthesis; not a primary experiment.
Used in: Neurotransmitter
- Noba: Sensation and perception. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/sensation-and-perceptionPsychophysics, probabilistic thresholds, and stimulus-driven versus knowledge-guided processing.
Opened and inspected on 21 October 2026. Academic teaching synthesis; not a primary experiment.
Used in: Absolute threshold, Bottom-up processing, Difference threshold
- Noba: Social and personality development in childhood. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/social-and-personality-development-in-childhoodEarly reactivity, regulation, environmental fit, and distinction between temperament and personality.
Opened and inspected on 21 October 2026. Academic teaching synthesis; not a primary experiment.
Used in: Temperament
- Noba: The brain and nervous system. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/the-brain-and-nervous-systemNeuron parts, nerve bundles, cellular signals, and distinct explanatory scales.
Opened and inspected on 21 October 2026. Introductory academic synthesis; dated evolutionary rhetoric and numerical counts not used.
Used in: Action potential, Neuron
- Noba: The nature-nurture question. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/the-nature-nurture-questionPopulation differences, quantitative genetics, and interpretation of heritability.
Opened and inspected on 21 October 2026. Academic teaching synthesis; not a primary experiment.
Used in: Heritability
- Noba: Theory of mind. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/theory-of-mindMental-state understanding as multiple processes rather than literal mind reading.
Opened and inspected on 21 October 2026. Academic teaching synthesis; not a primary experiment.
Used in: Theory of mind
- Noba: Vision. (n.d.). https://nobaproject.com/modules/visionTransduction, feature organization, and interaction between vision and other functions.
Opened and inspected on 21 October 2026. Academic teaching synthesis; not a primary experiment.
Used in: Perception, Sensation
- OpenStax, lifespan development, 5.3 cognition in early childhood. (n.d.). https://openstax.org/books/lifespan-development/pages/5-3-cognition-in-early-childhoodTemporary support, fading assistance, zone of proximal development, and explicit statement that Vygotsky did not use scaffolding as a term.
Opened actual section and scaffolding passage on 21 October 2026. Supplementary textbook, distinct from Psychology 2e.
Used in: Scaffolding
- Rankin, C. H., Abrams, T., Barry, R. J., Bhatnagar, S., Clayton, D. F., Colombo, J., Coppola, G., Geyer, M. A., Glanzman, D. L., Marsland, S., McSweeney, F. K., Wilson, D. A., Wu, C.-F., & Thompson, R. F. (2009). Habituation revisited: An updated and revised description of the behavioral characteristics of habituation. Neurobiology of Learning and Memory, 92(2), 135–138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nlm.2008.09.012Consulted sourceSupplementary conceptual evidence
Rankin and colleagues (2009), scholarly consensus review. Indexed abstract/search record accessible; direct PubMed body and PMC full text did not load. Used for bounded definition and fatigue distinction, not quantitative findings. Source checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Habituation
- Roediger, H. L., III, McDaniel, M., & McDermott, and K. (2006). Test enhanced learning. APS Observer, 19. https://www.psychologicalscience.org/observer/test-enhanced-learning-2Supplementary conceptual evidence
Researcher-authored APS article by Roediger, McDaniel and McDermott (2006), accessed directly. Supports retrieval-practice rationale; outcomes depend on tests, feedback and material. Source checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Metacognition, Retrieval
- Ryan and deci (2000), intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. (n.d.). https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/wp-content/uploads/2014/04/2000_RyanDeci_IntExtDefs.pdfPrimary-author theoretical review
Opening definitions and discussion of autonomous extrinsic motivation inspected. DOI: 10.1006/ceps.1999.1020. Inspected on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Extrinsic motivation, Intrinsic motivation, Motivation
- Ryan and deci (2020), intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. (n.d.). https://selfdeterminationtheory.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/06/2020_RyanDeci_IntrinsicandExtrinsic.pdfPrimary-author theoretical review
Abstract, introductory framing, and intrinsic motivation subsection inspected. DOI: 10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860. Inspected on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Extrinsic motivation, Intrinsic motivation
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/3-4-the-brain-and-spinal-cordIntroductory textbook explanation
This section directly introduces or explains the concept. Section opened and title verified on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Executive function, Neuroplasticity
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/6-1-what-is-learningCourse textbook connection
Textbook connection provides background; the supplementary sources establish this concept more directly. Section opened and title verified on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Habituation
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/6-2-classical-conditioningIntroductory textbook explanation
This section directly introduces or explains the concept. Section opened and title verified on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Classical conditioning, Extinction, Stimulus generalization
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/6-3-operant-conditioningIntroductory textbook explanation
This section directly introduces or explains the concept. Section opened and title verified on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Operant conditioning, Punishment, Reinforcement
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/6-4-observational-learning-modelingIntroductory textbook explanation
This section directly introduces or explains the concept. Section opened and title verified on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Observational learning
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/7-1-what-is-cognitionIntroductory textbook explanation
This section directly introduces or explains the concept. Section opened and title verified on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Schema
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/7-3-problem-solvingIntroductory textbook explanation
This section directly introduces or explains the concept. Section opened and title verified on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Confirmation bias, Heuristic
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-1-how-memory-functionsIntroductory textbook explanation
This section directly introduces or explains the concept. Section opened and title verified on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Cognitive load, Encoding, Long-term memory, Retrieval, Working memory
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-2-parts-of-the-brain-involved-with-memoryCourse textbook connection
Textbook connection provides background; the supplementary sources establish this concept more directly. Section opened and title verified on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Reconsolidation
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/8-4-ways-to-enhance-memoryCourse textbook connection
Textbook connection provides background; the supplementary sources establish this concept more directly. Section opened and title verified on 21 October 2026.
Used in: Metacognition
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/10-1-motivationCourse textbook subsection
Title, URL, and relevant subsection text inspected on 21 October 2026. Used for concept checking and course navigation; no textbook exercises or illustrations reproduced.
Used in: Extrinsic motivation, Intrinsic motivation, Motivation
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/10-4-emotionCourse textbook subsection
Title, URL, and relevant subsection text inspected on 21 October 2026. Used for concept checking and course navigation; no textbook exercises or illustrations reproduced.
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/11-4-learning-approachesCourse textbook subsection
Title, URL, and relevant subsection text inspected on 21 October 2026. Used for concept checking and course navigation; no textbook exercises or illustrations reproduced.
Used in: Self-efficacy
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/11-5-humanistic-approachesCourse textbook subsection
Title, URL, and relevant subsection text inspected on 21 October 2026. Used for concept checking and course navigation; no textbook exercises or illustrations reproduced.
Used in: Self-concept
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/11-7-trait-theoristsCourse textbook subsection
Title, URL, and relevant subsection text inspected on 21 October 2026. Used for concept checking and course navigation; no textbook exercises or illustrations reproduced.
Used in: Personality trait
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/12-1-what-is-social-psychologyCourse textbook subsection
Title, URL, and relevant subsection text inspected on 21 October 2026. Used for concept checking and course navigation; no textbook exercises or illustrations reproduced.
Used in: Attribution, Personality trait
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/12-2-self-presentationCourse textbook subsection
Title, URL, and relevant subsection text inspected on 21 October 2026. OpenStax 12.2 introduces social roles, social norms, and scripts; no textbook exercises or illustrations reproduced.
Used in: Social norm
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/12-3-attitudes-and-persuasionCourse textbook subsection
Title, URL, and relevant subsection text inspected on 21 October 2026. Used for concept checking and course navigation; no textbook exercises or illustrations reproduced.
Used in: Cognitive dissonance
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/12-4-conformity-compliance-and-obedienceCourse textbook subsection
Title, URL, and relevant subsection text inspected on 21 October 2026. Used for concept checking and course navigation; no textbook exercises or illustrations reproduced.
Used in: Conformity, Obedience
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/12-5-prejudice-and-discriminationCourse textbook subsection
Title, URL, and relevant subsection text inspected on 21 October 2026. Used for concept checking and course navigation; no textbook exercises or illustrations reproduced.
Used in: Discrimination, Prejudice, Social identity, Stereotype
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/14-1-what-is-stressCourse textbook subsection
Title, URL, and relevant subsection text inspected on 21 October 2026. Used for concept checking and course navigation; no textbook exercises or illustrations reproduced.
Used in: Stress
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/14-4-regulation-of-stressCourse textbook subsection
Title, URL, and relevant subsection text inspected on 21 October 2026. Used for concept checking and course navigation; no textbook exercises or illustrations reproduced.
Used in: Coping, Resilience
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/3-1-human-geneticsCourse textbook context
Opened actual subsection on 21 October 2026; title and URL verified. Course textbook, not independent primary evidence.
Used in: Heritability
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/3-2-cells-of-the-nervous-systemCourse textbook section
Opened actual subsection on 21 October 2026; title and URL verified. Course textbook, not independent primary evidence.
Used in: Action potential, Neuron, Neurotransmitter, Synapse
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/4-1-what-is-consciousnessCourse textbook section
Opened actual subsection on 21 October 2026; title and URL verified. Course textbook, not independent primary evidence.
Used in: Circadian rhythm
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/5-1-sensation-versus-perceptionCourse textbook section
Opened actual subsection on 21 October 2026; title and URL verified. Course textbook, not independent primary evidence.
Used in: Absolute threshold, Attention, Bottom-up processing, Difference threshold, Perception, Sensation, Top-down processing
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/5-3-visionCourse textbook section
Opened actual subsection on 21 October 2026; title and URL verified. Course textbook, not independent primary evidence.
Used in: Sensation
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/5-6-gestalt-principles-of-perceptionCourse textbook section
Opened actual subsection on 21 October 2026; title and URL verified. Course textbook, not independent primary evidence.
Used in: Perception, Top-down processing
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/9-2-lifespan-theoriesCourse textbook section
Opened actual subsection on 21 October 2026; title and URL verified. Course textbook, not independent primary evidence.
Used in: Conservation, Object permanence, Scaffolding
- Spielman, R. M., Jenkins, W. J., & Lovett, M. D. (2020). Psychology 2e. OpenStax. https://openstax.org/books/psychology-2e/pages/9-3-stages-of-developmentCourse textbook section
Opened actual subsection on 21 October 2026; title and URL verified. Course textbook, not independent primary evidence.
Used in: Attachment, Sensitive period, Temperament, Theory of mind
- Sweller, J. (1988). Cognitive load during problem solving: Effects on learning. Cognitive Science, 12(2), 257–285. https://doi.org/10.1207/s15516709cog1202_4Consulted sourceSupplementary conceptual evidence
Sweller (1988), original research article. Publisher abstract accessed; supports capacity demands competing with schema acquisition. Full experimental methods not independently inspected. Source checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Cognitive load, Schema
- Working memory. (n.d.). https://www.nimh.nih.gov/research/research-funded-by-nimh/rdoc/constructs/working-memorySupplementary conceptual evidence
NIMH research construct definition accessed directly; supports maintenance, updating, capacity and interference control. Source checked 21 October 2026.
Used in: Cognitive load, Working memory